01 - Preheat oven to 375°F. Lightly grease a 9x13-inch baking dish with cooking spray or oil.
02 - Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook pasta 2 minutes less than package directions for al dente texture. Drain well and set aside.
03 - In a large skillet, heat olive oil over medium heat. Add diced onions and cook 3 minutes until translucent. Add minced garlic and cook 1 minute until fragrant.
04 - Add ground beef to the skillet. Cook until browned, breaking apart with a wooden spoon, about 5–6 minutes. Drain excess fat if desired.
05 - Stir in chopped cabbage and sauté until softened and wilted, 5–7 minutes. The cabbage should be tender but still have slight texture.
06 - Add crushed tomatoes, tomato sauce, tomato paste, dried oregano, dried basil, smoked paprika, and sugar if using. Stir well to combine. Simmer for 10 minutes to meld flavors. Season generously with salt and pepper to taste.
07 - In a large bowl, combine cooked pasta, beef-cabbage mixture, and half the shredded mozzarella cheese. Mix gently until evenly distributed.
08 - Transfer mixture to the prepared baking dish, spreading evenly. Top with remaining mozzarella and all the grated Parmesan cheese.
09 - Cover baking dish tightly with aluminum foil. Bake for 20 minutes to heat through and allow flavors to meld.
10 - Remove foil and bake an additional 10 minutes, or until cheese is bubbly and golden brown. Let rest 5 minutes before serving to allow the dish to set.